Template strings

We can create a Template String in JavaScript (or Template Literals) by enclosing the string inside a back-tick. What makes the Template strings powerful is that we can include a expression inside them. The expression must be specified inside dollar sign and curly braces (${expression}). JavaScript evaluates the expression and coerces the result into a string. This allows us to create a dynamic string.

In the following example, we have included the expression ${playerName} inside the string. When we run the code ${playerName} is evaluated and its value Sachin Tendulkar is inserted in the final string.

                            
let playerName = "Sachin Tendulkar";    
console.log(`${playerName} is the greatest cricketer of all time`)
 
 
//**** Output ****
//Sachin Tendulkar is the greatest cricketer of all time
                            
                            
                        

What is a Tagged Template?

The Tagged Template is a template string, to which we tag a function (attach a function). It consists of two parts. One is Template String and the other one is a function (which we call Tagged function). The Tagged function is where we write our custom logic to parse the template string.

How to Create a Tagged Template

To create a tagged template, First, we need to create a function. Then use it to tag the Template string by placing before it.

In the following example we create a function transform. The function just returns the message hi

We tag the Template string with the function. That is done by placing the function name before it without the customary (). Now this Template string is a tagged template.

When we run the code, you will see Hi in the output, which is what our tagged function returns.

                            
let message="Hello";
 
 //This is our tag function
 function transform() {                     
   return 'Hi';
 }
  
 //use the function to tag the template string
 console.log(transform`${message} world`);        
  
  
 //**** output ****
 //Hi
                            
                            
                        

Parameters to Tagged Function

The tagged function receives following arguments.

1. The first argument to the function is the array of template strings. It is split using the expression as the separator.
2. The evaluated expressions are the subsequent arguments.

Consider the following template string

                            
`Hello, ${firstName} ${lastName}. Welcome to ${topic} Tutorial`
                            
                            
                        

The first argument to the tag function is an array of strings (Strings).

The first element in the array is the string up to the first expression $(firstName), which is “Hello,”. The second element is the string between the first expression $(firstName) and the second expression $(lastName) i.e.a blank string. The third element is between the second expression $(lastName)and the third expression(${topic}) (${topic}). i.e. “. Welcome to”. And the last element is from the last expression ${topic} to the end of the string i.e. “Tutorial”

Hence our first argument is [ 'Hello, ', ' ', '. Welcome to ', ' Tutorial' ]

The expressions are evaluated and passed as the subsequent arguments in the order of occurrence.

                            
let firstName  = "Sachin"
let lastName = "Tendulkar"
let topic = "JavaScript"
 
console.log(transform`Hello, ${firstName} ${lastName}. Welcome to ${topic} tutorial`);
 
 
function transform(strings, firstName,lastName,topic) {
  let str = strings[0]+ firstName+strings[1]+lastName+strings[2]+topic+strings[3];
  return str;
}
 
//Hello, Sachin Tendulkar. Welcome to JavaScript tutorial
                            
                            
                        

In the above example, we knew the number of arguments beforehand. But, if there are a variable number of expressions, then it would be better to make use of the rest operator as shown below

                            
let firstName = "Sachin"
let lastName = "Tendulkar"
let topic = "JavaScript"
 
function transform(strings, ... expr) {
  console.log(strings);
  console.log(expr);
  return "";
}
 
console.log(transform`Hello, ${firstName} ${lastName}. Welcome to ${topic} Tutorial`);
 
 
//['Hello, ', ' ', '. Welcome to ', ' Tutorial']
//['Sachin', 'Tendulkar', 'JavaScript']
 
                            
                            
                        

Now once we have the required arguments, we can use them in the function to fine-tune the output

                            
let firstName = "Sachin"
let lastName = "Tendulkar"
let topic = "JavaScript"
 
function transform(strings, ... expr) {
  let str = '';
  strings.forEach((string, i) => {
      str += string + (expr[i] || '');
  });
  return str;
}
 
console.log(transform`Welcome, ${firstName} ${lastName}. Learn ${topic} here`);
 
 
//Welcome, Sachin Tendulkar. Learn JavaScript here
 
                            
                            
                        

Note that the strings array is always be going to be one more than the expr array. Hence when we come to the last string in the loop, the expr would be undefined

Raw strings

The ES6 also has a useful method String.raw, which prevents escape characters from being interpreted. The backslash is a special character ( escape ) in JavaScript. When JavaScript encounters a backslash, it tries to escape the following character.

Take a look at the following example. The variable filePath contains several \. When we use this expression in Template string, the backslashes are removed from the output as JavaScript treats them as escape character.

                            
filePath = `C:\Development\profile\aboutme.html`;
console.log(`The file was uploaded from: ${filePath}`);
 
 
//OUTPUT
The file was uploaded from: C:Developmentprofileaboutme.html
 
 
                            
                            
                        

Here you can make use of String.raw tagged function to return the raw string.

                            
filePath =String.raw`C:\Development\profile\aboutme.html`;
console.log(`The file was uploaded from: ${filePath}`);
 
//OUTPUT
The file was uploaded from: C:\Development\profile\aboutme.html
 
 
                            
                            
                        

                            
 
firstName="Sachin"
lastName="Tendulkar"
topic="JavaScript"
 
function transform(strings, ...expr) {
  let str = '';
  strings.raw.forEach((string, i) => {         //using strings.raw
      str += string + (expr[i] || '');
  });
  return str;
}
 
 
console.log(transform `Hello ${firstName} ${lastName} \n Welcome to ${topic} Tutorial`);
 
 
//OUTPUT 

                            
                            
                        

                            
function transform(strings, ...expr) {
  let str = '';
  strings.forEach((string, i) => {              //using strings
      str += string + (expr[i] || '');
  });
  return str;
}
 
 
//OUTPUT
//Hello Sachin Tendulkar 
//Welcome to JavaScript Tutorial                //newline